Utility of chloroplast DNA haplotype data for ecological restoration using Fagus crenata seedlings in case of incomplete seed source information availability

Forest trees species are often genetically adapted to local environmental conditions. Therefore, local seeds are recommended for ecological restoration. However, seedlings of broad-leaved tree species, such as Japanese beech (Fagus crenata), are limited in their commercial seedling production in Japan. Thus, long-distance transfer of seeds and/or seedlings is common. F. crenata's distinct geographical structure is well known; large-scale seed transfer may increase the risk of genetic disturbance. Several provenance trials of the species revealed that phenotypic traits such as leaf area and bud flush date differed latitudinally and/or between the Pacific Ocean side and the Japan Sea side. We investigated leaf size and bud flush date and identified the chloroplast DNA haplotype of trees planted in two provenance trials established in Hokkaido, Japan. We then examined whether cpDNA haplotype information is useful as a proxy in ecological restoration when using seedlings with incomplete seed source information. This study indicated that suitable seedlings could be selected based on chloroplast DNA haplotype information in F. crenata in the case of incomplete seed source information.