Size-consistent multipartitioning QM/MM: A stable and efficient adaptive QM/MM method

We propose a new adaptive QM/MM method, the size-consistent multipartitioning (SCMP) QM/MM scheme, which enables stable and computationally efficient QM/MM simulations. A number of partitionings with identical size of the QM and the MM regions are considered with a new adaptive scheme in order to (1) realize smooth QM/MM switching, (2) introduce a conserved quantity (total energy, Hamiltonian), (3) avoid spurious artificial forces on the QM/MM border, and (4) allow for an efficient parallel implementation. Benchmark simulations performed for QM water in MM water show that energy conservation can be significantly improved and the computational efficiency allows treating also larger QM regions, for which previous methods had to face an intractable increase in computer time.