Origin of ore-forming fluids responsible for gold mineralization of the Pongkor Au-Ag deposit, West Java, Indonesia: Evidence from mineralogic, fluid inclusion microthermometry and stable isotope study of the Ciurug-Cikoret veins

The Pongkor gold-silver mine is situated at the northeastern flank of the Bayah dome, which is a product of volcanism in the Sunda-Banda Arc. The hydrothermal alteration minerals in the Ciurug-Cikoret area are typical of those formed from acid to near-neutral pH thermal waters. On the surface, illite/smectite mixed layer mineral (I/Sm), smectite and kaolinite, and spotting illite, I/Sm and K-feldspar alteration occur at the top of the mineralized zone. Silicification, K-feldspar and I/Sm zones are commonly formed in the wall rock, and gradually grade outwards into a propylitic zone. The mineralization of precious metal ore zone is constrained by fluid temperatures between 180 and 220°C, and with low salinity (<0.2 wt% NaCl equivalent) and boiling condition. The minimum depth of vein formation below the paleo-water table is approximately 90-130 m for the hydrostatic column. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope data for quartz and calcite show relatively homogeneous fluid composition (-53 to -68‰ δD and -5.7 to +0.3‰ δ¹⁸O H₂O). There is no specific trend in the data with respect to the mineralization stages and elevation, which suggests that the ore-forming fluids did not significantly change spatially during the vein formation. The stable isotope data indicate mixing between the hydrothermal fluids and meteoric water and interaction between the hydrothermal fluids and the host rock.