@article{00a909d59d1c4700b698e313a5887127,
title = "Modifications of the ionosphere prior to large earthquakes: report from the Ionosphere Precursor Study Group",
abstract = "The current status of ionospheric precursor studies associated with large earthquakes (EQ) is summarized in this report. It is a joint endeavor of the “Ionosphere Precursor Study Task Group,” which was formed with the support of the Mitsubishi Foundation in 2014–2015. The group promotes the study of ionosphere precursors (IP) to EQs and aims to prepare for a future EQ dedicated satellite constellation, which is essential to obtain the global morphology of IPs and hence demonstrate whether the ionosphere can be used for short-term EQ predictions. Following a review of the recent IP studies, the problems and specific research areas that emerged from the one-year project are described. Planned or launched satellite missions dedicated (or suitable) for EQ studies are also mentioned.",
author = "Oyama, {K. I.} and M. Devi and K. Ryu and Chen, {C. H.} and Liu, {J. Y.} and H. Liu and L. Bankov and T. Kodama",
note = "Funding Information: The current situation of satellite missions is described here. France took over the initiative and its small satellite DEMETER (Parrot et al. ) has already clarified through statistical analysis of 9000 EQs that the night-time attenuation of VLF range electromagnetic emission occurs 4 h before EQs larger than M4.8. However, the DEMETER was launched into a sun-synchronous orbit and its observations are limited to the fixed local time in day and night. The European Space Agency launched the Swarm satellite constellation to measure the Earth{\textquoteright}s magnetic field in 2013. Ne and Te measurements are not accurate due to the electrode contamination of DC Langmuir probe (Oyama et al. ). To investigate the preparatory phase of EQs, the Swarm for Earthquake Study (SAFE) project has been started in 2015 funded by the European Space Agency. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2016, Oyama et al.",
year = "2016",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1186/s40562-016-0038-3",
language = "English",
volume = "3",
journal = "Geoscience Letters",
issn = "2196-4092",
publisher = "Springer Open",
number = "1",
}