TY - JOUR
T1 - Hikikomori
T2 - Multidimensional understanding, assessment, and future international perspectives
AU - Kato, Takahiro A.
AU - Kanba, Shigenobu
AU - Teo, Alan R.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank Dr Tae Young Choi, Dr Paul W.C. Wong, Dr Masaru Tateno, and Dr Yatan P.S. Balhara for international collaborative research; Dr Ryo Kawano, Dr Yoko Honda, and Ms Michiko Asami at the Fukuoka City Mental Health Welfare Center/Hikikomori Support Center; and Dr Kohei Hayakawa, Dr Nobuki Kuwano, Mr Hiroaki Kubo, Mr Keita Kurahara, Ms Ryoko Katsuki, Ms Hiromi Urata, Ms Sakumi Kakimoto, and Ms Yoko Zushi at Kyushu University for their research support and/or assistance. This work was partially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on (i) Innovative Areas ‘Will-Dynamics’ of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan (JP16H06403 to T.A.K.), (ii) the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED; Syogaisya-Taisaku-Sogo-Kenkyu-Kaihatsu-Jigyo to T.A.K. and S.K.; JP17dk0307073 and JP18dk0307075), and Yugo-No to T.A.K. (JP18dm0107095); (iii) KAKENHI – the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP26713039, JP15K15431, JP16H03741, and JP18H04042 to T.A.K., and JP16H02666 to S.K.); (iv) SENSHIN Medical Research Foundation (to T.A.K. and S.K.); and (v) the JSPS Bilateral Joint Research Project between USA-Japan (to T.A.K. and A.R.T). Dr Teo is supported by a Career Development Award (CDA 14-428) from the Veterans Health Administration Health Service Research and Development (HSR&D) and the HSR&D Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care (CIVIC), the Department of Veterans Affairs. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the US government. None of the funders had a role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 The Authors. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences © 2019 Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology
PY - 2019
Y1 - 2019
N2 - Hikikomori, a severe form of social withdrawal, has long been observed in Japan mainly among youth and adolescents since around the 1970s, and has been especially highlighted since the late 1990s. Moreover, hikikomori-like cases have recently been reported in many other countries. Hikikomori negatively influences not only the individual's mental health and social participation, but also wider education and workforce stability, and as such is a novel urgent global issue. In this review, we introduce the history, definition, diagnostic evaluation, and interventions for hikikomori and also the international prevalence of hikikomori outside Japan. We propose a hypothesis regarding the globalization of hikikomori based on domestic and international perspectives. In addition, we introduce our latest assessment system for hikikomori (including the latest version of the ‘proposed diagnostic criteria of hikikomori for the future DSM/ICD diagnostic systems’) and propose therapeutic strategies, including family approaches and individualized therapies. Finally, we present future challenges that may lead to solutions for an internationalized hikikomori.
AB - Hikikomori, a severe form of social withdrawal, has long been observed in Japan mainly among youth and adolescents since around the 1970s, and has been especially highlighted since the late 1990s. Moreover, hikikomori-like cases have recently been reported in many other countries. Hikikomori negatively influences not only the individual's mental health and social participation, but also wider education and workforce stability, and as such is a novel urgent global issue. In this review, we introduce the history, definition, diagnostic evaluation, and interventions for hikikomori and also the international prevalence of hikikomori outside Japan. We propose a hypothesis regarding the globalization of hikikomori based on domestic and international perspectives. In addition, we introduce our latest assessment system for hikikomori (including the latest version of the ‘proposed diagnostic criteria of hikikomori for the future DSM/ICD diagnostic systems’) and propose therapeutic strategies, including family approaches and individualized therapies. Finally, we present future challenges that may lead to solutions for an internationalized hikikomori.
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U2 - 10.1111/pcn.12895
DO - 10.1111/pcn.12895
M3 - Review article
C2 - 31148350
AN - SCOPUS:85068124380
SN - 1323-1316
VL - 73
SP - 427
EP - 440
JO - Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences
JF - Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences
IS - 8
ER -
