@article{37c298ceac444c51bbaf86f51599fb7b,
title = "Analysis of hard carbon for lithium-ion batteries by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy",
abstract = "Non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon) as a negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries is investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HX-PES). HX-PES spectra have peaks of both the solid electrolyte interphase on the hard carbon surface and the hard carbon itself. The change in spectrum with state of charge is observed by HX-PES. Hard carbon has two types of lithium insertion site; between graphene sheets and into nano-scale voids. These spectroscopic results are consistent with the lithium insertion mechanism into hard carbon.",
author = "Hironobu Hori and Masahiro Shikano and Hironori Kobayashi and Shinji Koike and Hikari Sakaebe and Yoshiyasu Saito and Kuniaki Tatsumi and Hideki Yoshikawa and Eiji Ikenaga",
note = "Funding Information: Part of this work was supported by the “Lithium-ion and Excellent Advanced Batteries Development (Li-EAD) Project” of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) in Japan. In preliminary experiments, we confirmed the detection of lithium in the hard carbon electrode used in this study by HX-PES in SPring-8/BL15XU. We are grateful to Drs. H. Tanaka and K. Kobayashi of National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) in Japan for their support in the preliminary experiments.",
year = "2013",
doi = "10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.160",
language = "English",
volume = "242",
pages = "844--847",
journal = "Journal of Power Sources",
issn = "0378-7753",
publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
}