Trajectory design to mars from earth-moon system with three-dimensional transit orbits

In planetary exploration, designing low-energy trajectories is important to reduce the fuel. This study focuses on the trajectory design which reduces the total ?v using three-dimensional transit orbits. There are two benefits of using transit orbits: the first one is that the design is easier than connecting manifolds of different three-body system, and the other is that a trajectory suitable for transfer to Mars can be selected by considering transit orbits with various Jacobi constant. Thus, three-dimensional transit orbits can significantly increase the freedom of trajectory design. Therefore this paper presents the three-dimensional transit orbit family with various Jacobi constant. As an application, a trajectory optimization from Moon L₂ point periodic orbit to Mars is shown.