TY - JOUR
T1 - The Indian cobra reference genome and transcriptome enables comprehensive identification of venom toxins
AU - Suryamohan, Kushal
AU - Krishnankutty, Sajesh P.
AU - Guillory, Joseph
AU - Jevit, Matthew
AU - Schröder, Markus S.
AU - Wu, Meng
AU - Kuriakose, Boney
AU - Mathew, Oommen K.
AU - Perumal, Rajadurai C.
AU - Koludarov, Ivan
AU - Goldstein, Leonard D.
AU - Senger, Kate
AU - Dixon, Mandumpala Davis
AU - Velayutham, Dinesh
AU - Vargas, Derek
AU - Chaudhuri, Subhra
AU - Muraleedharan, Megha
AU - Goel, Ridhi
AU - Chen, Ying Jiun J.
AU - Ratan, Aakrosh
AU - Liu, Peter
AU - Faherty, Brendan
AU - de la Rosa, Guillermo
AU - Shibata, Hiroki
AU - Baca, Miriam
AU - Sagolla, Meredith
AU - Ziai, James
AU - Wright, Gus A.
AU - Vucic, Domagoj
AU - Mohan, Sangeetha
AU - Antony, Aju
AU - Stinson, Jeremy
AU - Kirkpatrick, Donald S.
AU - Hannoush, Rami N.
AU - Durinck, Steffen
AU - Modrusan, Zora
AU - Stawiski, Eric W.
AU - Wiley, Kristen
AU - Raudsepp, Terje
AU - Kini, R. Manjunatha
AU - Zachariah, Arun
AU - Seshagiri, Somasekar
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020, The Author(s).
PY - 2020/1/1
Y1 - 2020/1/1
N2 - Snakebite envenoming is a serious and neglected tropical disease that kills ~100,000 people annually. High-quality, genome-enabled comprehensive characterization of toxin genes will facilitate development of effective humanized recombinant antivenom. We report a de novo near-chromosomal genome assembly of Naja naja, the Indian cobra, a highly venomous, medically important snake. Our assembly has a scaffold N50 of 223.35 Mb, with 19 scaffolds containing 95% of the genome. Of the 23,248 predicted protein-coding genes, 12,346 venom-gland-expressed genes constitute the ‘venom-ome’ and this included 139 genes from 33 toxin families. Among the 139 toxin genes were 19 ‘venom-ome-specific toxins’ (VSTs) that showed venom-gland-specific expression, and these probably encode the minimal core venom effector proteins. Synthetic venom reconstituted through recombinant VST expression will aid in the rapid development of safe and effective synthetic antivenom. Additionally, our genome could serve as a reference for snake genomes, support evolutionary studies and enable venom-driven drug discovery.
AB - Snakebite envenoming is a serious and neglected tropical disease that kills ~100,000 people annually. High-quality, genome-enabled comprehensive characterization of toxin genes will facilitate development of effective humanized recombinant antivenom. We report a de novo near-chromosomal genome assembly of Naja naja, the Indian cobra, a highly venomous, medically important snake. Our assembly has a scaffold N50 of 223.35 Mb, with 19 scaffolds containing 95% of the genome. Of the 23,248 predicted protein-coding genes, 12,346 venom-gland-expressed genes constitute the ‘venom-ome’ and this included 139 genes from 33 toxin families. Among the 139 toxin genes were 19 ‘venom-ome-specific toxins’ (VSTs) that showed venom-gland-specific expression, and these probably encode the minimal core venom effector proteins. Synthetic venom reconstituted through recombinant VST expression will aid in the rapid development of safe and effective synthetic antivenom. Additionally, our genome could serve as a reference for snake genomes, support evolutionary studies and enable venom-driven drug discovery.
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U2 - 10.1038/s41588-019-0559-8
DO - 10.1038/s41588-019-0559-8
M3 - Article
C2 - 31907489
AN - SCOPUS:85077583478
SN - 1061-4036
VL - 52
SP - 106
EP - 117
JO - Nature genetics
JF - Nature genetics
IS - 1
ER -
