Targeted inhibition of EPAS1-driven IL-31 production by a small-molecule compound

Background: IL-31 is a major pruritogen associated with atopic dermatitis (AD). Although a specific antibody for IL-31 receptor has been shown to alleviate pruritus in patients with AD, therapeutic approaches to inhibition of IL-31 production remain unexploited. IL-31 production by T_H cells critically depends on the transcription factor EPAS1, which mediates IL31 promoter activation in collaboration with SP1. Objective: We aimed at developing small-molecule inhibitors that selectively block IL-31 production by T_H cells. Methods: We generated the reporter cell line that inducibly expressed EPAS1 in the presence of doxycycline to mediate Il31 promoter activation, and we screened 9600 chemical compounds. The selected compounds were further examined by using T_H cells from a spontaneous mouse model of AD and T_H cells from patients with AD. Results: We have identified 4-(2-(4-isopropylbenzylidene)hydrazineyl)benzoic acid (IPHBA) as an inhibitor of IL31 induction. Although IPHBA did not affect nonspecific T-cell proliferation, IPHBA inhibited antigen-induced IL-31 production by T_H cells from both an AD mouse model and patients with AD without affecting other cytokine production and hypoxic responses. In line with this, itch responses induced by adoptive transfer of IL-31–producing T_H cells were attenuated when mice were orally treated with IPHBA. Mechanistically, IPHBA inhibited the association between EPAS1 and SP1, resulting in defective recruitment of both transcription factors to the specific sites of the IL31 promoter. We also determined the structure-activity relationship of IPHBA by synthesizing and analyzing 201 analogous compounds. Conclusion: IPHBA could be a potential drug leading to inhibition of EPAS1-driven IL-31 production.