Mechanisms of lncRNA biogenesis as revealed by nascent transcriptomics

Takayuki Nojima, Nick J. Proudfoot

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

243 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Mammalian genomes express two principal gene categories through RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription: protein-coding transcription units and non-coding RNA transcription units. Non-coding RNAs are further divided into relatively abundant structural RNAs, such as small nuclear RNAs, and into a myriad of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) of often low abundance and low stability. Although at least some lncRNA synthesis may reflect transcriptional ‘noise’, recent studies define unique functions for either specific lncRNAs or for the process of lncRNA synthesis. Notably, the transcription, processing and metabolism of lncRNAs are regulated differently from protein-coding genes. In this Review, we provide insight into the regulation of lncRNA transcription and processing gleaned from the application of recently devised nascent transcriptomics technology. We first compare and contrast different methodologies for studying nascent transcription. We then discuss the molecular mechanisms regulating lncRNA transcription, especially transcription initiation and termination, which emphasize fundamental differences in their expression as compared with protein-coding genes. When perturbed, lncRNA misregulation leads to genomic stress such as transcription–replication conflict and R-loop-mediated DNA damage. We discuss many unresolved but important questions about the synthesis and potential functions of lncRNAs.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)389-406
Number of pages18
JournalNature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
Volume23
Issue number6
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Jun 2022

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

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