Inflammatory cytokines in virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome: Interferon-gamma as a sensitive indicator of disease activity

Purpose: We assayed serum interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels in children with virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (VAHS) to evaluate the relationship of these cytokines to other laboratory parameters. We also studied the role of IFN-γ as a macrophage activator in hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS). Patients and Methods: Interleukin-1 beta, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were measured in 42 serial sera from six children with VAHS using a sensitive radioimmunoassay. Results: The cytokine IFN-γ or TNF was detected in 19/ 19 (100%) or 11/19 (69%) samples, respectively, during the active febrile phase, at much higher levels than during the remission phase of the disease (IFN: p < 0.00001; TNF: p < 0.01). In contrast, IL-1 could be detected in only two sera obtained from a patient during severe relapse. Serial cytokine examination revealed that the elevated TNF and IFN-γ levels decreased rapidly to an undetectable level in concert with clinical improvement after an effective treatment, and that IFN-γ, but not TNF, was detected just before a relapse marked by spiking fever. In the active phase, the CD4/8 ratio was depressed, and the total number of CD3⁺ HLA-DR⁺ cells was increased. of the activated T cells, CD8⁺ cells outnumbered CD4⁺ T cells. By the Spearman’s rank sum test, the IFN-7 level correlated positively with the peripheral leukocyte count [Correlation coefficient (CC): 0.585, p < 0.05] and serum lactate dehydrogenase level (CC: 0.538, p < 0.05) and negatively with the CD4/8 ratio (CC: −0.618, p < 0.05), but not with any other parameter including ferritin and C-reactive protein. Although TNF and IL-1 were not statistically linked to these parameters, TNF levels were related to IFN-γ levels (product moment CC: 0.546, p < 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that circulating IFN-γ is one of the most sensitive indicators of disease activity; it may act as a potent macrophage activator during the hypercytokinemic state of childhood VAHS.