Individual dissolution of single-walled carbon nanotubes in aqueous solutions of steroid or sugar compounds and their Raman and near-IR spectral properties

The individual solubilization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), achieved by using ten different anionic-, zwitterionic-, and nonionic-steroid biosurfactants and three different sugar biosurfactants, was examined. Aqueous micelles of anionic cholate analogues, such as sodium cholate (SC), sodium deoxycholate (SDC), sodium taurocholate (STC), sodium taurodeoxycholate (STDC), sodium glycocholate (SGC), as well as N,N-bis(3-D-gluconamidopropyl)cholamide (BIGCHAP) and N,N-bis(3-D-gluconamidopropyl)deoxycholamide (deoxyBIGCHAP), exhibited good abilities to dissolve the SWNTs individually. Aqueous micelles of nonionic biosurfactants, such as sucrose monocholate (SMC), n-octyl-β-D-glucoside (OG), n-decyl-β-D-maltoside (DM), and n-decanoyl-N-methylglucamide (MEGA-10), could dissolve the SWNTs, however, the solubilization abilities were weaker than those of the anionic cholate analogues. In sharp contrast, the solubilization abilities of the zwitterionic micelles of 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammoniojpropanesulfonic acid (CHAPS) and 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid (CHAPSO) were very low, and almost zero for OG. It is evident that the chemical structures, in particular the substituent groups of the surfactants, play an important role in the solubilization of SWNTs. The near-IR photoluminescence behaviors of the SWNTs dissolved in aqueous micelles and in 1 mM biosurfactants were investigated. The chirality indices of the SWNTs dissolved in these solutions depend on the chemical structures of the biosurfactants. The Raman spectra of the SWNTs dissolved in a 1 mM solution of SC suggest the selective extraction of the metallic SWNTs. Finally, a possible solubilization mechanism using steroid surfactants is described. The SWNTs dissolved individually in water-containing biocompounds are useful in many areas of nano- and materials chemistry.