In situ transmission electron microscopic observation of double-wall TiO₂nanotube arrays at high temperature

Double-wall TiO₂nanotube arrays were prepared using an anodization method in a glycerol-containing electrolyte. In situ TEM observation of these samples at high temperature was carried out with and without oxygen injections. With oxygen injection, an improved thermal stability of the nanotubes at high temperature was observed. It may provide more detailed information about the calcination process of TiO₂nanotubes and assist its morphology and structure modulation.