TY - JOUR
T1 - Gingival pigmentation affected by smoking among different age groups
T2 - A quantitative analysis of gingival pigmentation using clinical oral photographs
AU - Kato, Tomotaka
AU - Mizutani, Shinsuke
AU - Takiuchi, Hiroya
AU - Sugiyama, Seiichi
AU - Hanioka, Takashi
AU - Naito, Toru
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank the members and staff of the Japan Health Care Dental Association for providing and formatting the oral photographs and patient records. We also express our appreciation to Hidetoshi Akimoto for coordinating the survey. We thank our colleagues for their support during the present study. A part of this work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B: No. 26861826) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 by the authors.
PY - 2017/8/4
Y1 - 2017/8/4
N2 - The presence of any age-related differences in gingival pigmentation associated with smoking, particularly in a young population, remains to be fully investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine the age-related differences in smoking gingival pigmentation. Gingival pigmentation was analyzed using the gingival melanosis record (GMR) and Hedin’s classification with frontal oral photographs taken at 16 dental offices in Japan. Participants were categorized into 10-year age groups, and their baseline photographs were compared. In addition, to evaluate the effect of smoking cessation on gingival pigmentation, subjects were divided into a former smoker group (stopped smoking) and current smoker group. A total of 259 patients 19 to 79 years of age were analyzed. People in their 30s showed the most widespread gingival pigmentation. In addition, subjects in their 20s showed a weak effect of smoking cessation on gingival pigmentation. These findings suggested that the gingival pigmentation induced by smoking was more remarkable in young people than in middle-aged people. This information may be useful for anti-smoking education, especially among young populations with a high affinity for smoking.
AB - The presence of any age-related differences in gingival pigmentation associated with smoking, particularly in a young population, remains to be fully investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine the age-related differences in smoking gingival pigmentation. Gingival pigmentation was analyzed using the gingival melanosis record (GMR) and Hedin’s classification with frontal oral photographs taken at 16 dental offices in Japan. Participants were categorized into 10-year age groups, and their baseline photographs were compared. In addition, to evaluate the effect of smoking cessation on gingival pigmentation, subjects were divided into a former smoker group (stopped smoking) and current smoker group. A total of 259 patients 19 to 79 years of age were analyzed. People in their 30s showed the most widespread gingival pigmentation. In addition, subjects in their 20s showed a weak effect of smoking cessation on gingival pigmentation. These findings suggested that the gingival pigmentation induced by smoking was more remarkable in young people than in middle-aged people. This information may be useful for anti-smoking education, especially among young populations with a high affinity for smoking.
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U2 - 10.3390/ijerph14080880
DO - 10.3390/ijerph14080880
M3 - Article
C2 - 28777322
AN - SCOPUS:85027047456
SN - 1661-7827
VL - 14
JO - International journal of environmental research and public health
JF - International journal of environmental research and public health
IS - 8
M1 - 880
ER -
