(Eu³⁺-Nb⁵⁺)-codoped TiO₂ nanopowders synthesized via Ar/O₂ radio frequency thermal plasma oxidation processing: Phase composition and photoluminescence properties through energy transfer

(Eu³⁺-Nb⁵⁺)-codoped TiO₂ nanopowders have been prepared by Ar/O₂ radio frequency (RF) thermal plasma oxidizing liquid precursor mists, with various addition contents of dopants (molar ratio of Eu³⁺:Nb⁵⁺ = 1:1). Characterizations have been performed by the combined studies of XRD, TEM, Raman spectra, UV-vis spectroscopy, and excitation and PL spectra. The plasma-generated nanopowders mainly consist of anatase and rutile polymorphs. Doping Nb⁵⁺ cannot have appreciable influence on Eu³⁺ solubility (0.5 at.%) in the TiO₂ host lattice, but can significantly inhibit the increase of rutile weight fraction for TiO₂. 617 nm PL intensity at 350 nm indirect excitation through energy transfer is considerably weaker than that at 467 nm direct excitation, indicating that a defect state level in the TiO₂ host lattice might be lowered below the excited state of Eu³⁺ by doping Nb⁵⁺, which is conceivable from a relatively large amount of oxygen deficiencies yielded in the TiO₂ host lattice.