Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome

Manimozhiyan Arumugam; Jeroen Raes; Eric Pelletier; Denis Le Paslier; Takuji Yamada; Daniel R. Mende; Gabriel R. Fernandes; Julien Tap; Thomas Bruls; Jean Michel Batto; Marcelo Bertalan; Natalia Borruel; Francesc Casellas; Leyden Fernandez; Laurent Gautier; Torben Hansen; Masahira Hattori; Tetsuya Hayashi; Michiel Kleerebezem; Ken Kurokawa; Marion Leclerc; Florence Levenez; Chaysavanh Manichanh; H. Bjørn Nielsen; Trine Nielsen; Nicolas Pons; Julie Poulain; Junjie Qin; Thomas Sicheritz-Ponten; Sebastian Tims; David Torrents; Edgardo Ugarte; Erwin G. Zoetendal; Jun Wang; Francisco Guarner; Oluf Pedersen; Willem M. de Vos; Søren Brunak; Joel Doré; Jean Weissenbach; S. Dusko Ehrlich; Peer Bork; María Antolín; François Artiguenave; Hervé M. Blottiere; Mathieu Almeida; Christian Brechot; Carlos Cara; Christian Chervaux; Antonella Cultrone; Christine Delorme; Gérard Denariaz; Rozenn Dervyn; Konrad U. Foerstner; Carsten Friss; Maarten van de Guchte; Eric Guedon; Florence Haimet; Wolfgang Huber; Johan van Hylckama-Vlieg; Alexandre Jamet; Catherine Juste; Ghalia Kaci; Jan Knol; Karsten Kristiansen; Omar Lakhdari; Severine Layec; Karine Le Roux; Emmanuelle Maguin; Alexandre Mérieux; Raquel Melo Minardi; Christine M’rini; Jean Muller; Raish Oozeer; Julian Parkhill; Pierre Renault; Maria Rescigno; Nicolas Sanchez; Shinichi Sunagawa; Antonio Torrejon; Keith Turner; Gaetana Vandemeulebrouck; Encarna Varela; Yohanan Winogradsky; Georg Zeller

doi:10.1038/nature09944

Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome

Manimozhiyan Arumugam, Jeroen Raes, Eric Pelletier, Denis Le Paslier, Takuji Yamada, Daniel R. Mende, Gabriel R. Fernandes, Julien Tap, Thomas Bruls, Jean Michel Batto, Marcelo Bertalan, Natalia Borruel, Francesc Casellas, Leyden Fernandez, Laurent Gautier, Torben Hansen, Masahira Hattori, Tetsuya Hayashi, Michiel Kleerebezem, Ken KurokawaMarion Leclerc, Florence Levenez, Chaysavanh Manichanh, H. Bjørn Nielsen, Trine Nielsen, Nicolas Pons, Julie Poulain, Junjie Qin, Thomas Sicheritz-Ponten, Sebastian Tims, David Torrents, Edgardo Ugarte, Erwin G. Zoetendal, Jun Wang, Francisco Guarner, Oluf Pedersen, Willem M. de Vos, Søren Brunak, Joel Doré, Jean Weissenbach, S. Dusko Ehrlich, Peer Bork, María Antolín, François Artiguenave, Hervé M. Blottiere, Mathieu Almeida, Christian Brechot, Carlos Cara, Christian Chervaux, Antonella Cultrone, Christine Delorme, Gérard Denariaz, Rozenn Dervyn, Konrad U. Foerstner, Carsten Friss, Maarten van de Guchte, Eric Guedon, Florence Haimet, Wolfgang Huber, Johan van Hylckama-Vlieg, Alexandre Jamet, Catherine Juste, Ghalia Kaci, Jan Knol, Karsten Kristiansen, Omar Lakhdari, Severine Layec, Karine Le Roux, Emmanuelle Maguin, Alexandre Mérieux, Raquel Melo Minardi, Christine M’rini, Jean Muller, Raish Oozeer, Julian Parkhill, Pierre Renault, Maria Rescigno, Nicolas Sanchez, Shinichi Sunagawa, Antonio Torrejon, Keith Turner, Gaetana Vandemeulebrouck, Encarna Varela, Yohanan Winogradsky, Georg Zeller

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

4835 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Our knowledge of species and functional composition of the human gut microbiome is rapidly increasing, but it is still based on very few cohorts and little is known about variation across the world. By combining 22 newly sequenced faecal metagenomes of individuals from four countries with previously published data sets, here we identify three robust clusters (referred to as enterotypes hereafter) that are not nation or continent specific. We also confirmed the enterotypes in two published, larger cohorts, indicating that intestinal microbiota variation is generally stratified, not continuous. This indicates further the existence of a limited number of well-balanced host-microbial symbiotic states that might respond differently to diet and drug intake. The enterotypes are mostly driven by species composition, but abundant molecular functions are not necessarily provided by abundant species, highlighting the importance of a functional analysis to understand microbial communities. Although individual host properties such as body mass index, age, or gender cannot explain the observed enterotypes, data-driven marker genes or functional modules can be identified for each of these host properties. For example, twelve genes significantly correlate with age and three functional modules with the body mass index, hinting at a diagnostic potential of microbial markers.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	174-180
Number of pages	7
Journal	Nature
Volume	473
Issue number	7346
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09944
Publication status	Published - May 12 2011
Externally published	Yes

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10.1038/nature09944

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Arumugam, M., Raes, J., Pelletier, E., Paslier, D. L., Yamada, T., Mende, D. R., Fernandes, G. R., Tap, J., Bruls, T., Batto, J. M., Bertalan, M., Borruel, N., Casellas, F., Fernandez, L., Gautier, L., Hansen, T., Hattori, M., Hayashi, T., Kleerebezem, M., ... Zeller, G. (2011). Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature, 473(7346), 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09944

Arumugam, M, Raes, J, Pelletier, E, Paslier, DL, Yamada, T, Mende, DR, Fernandes, GR, Tap, J, Bruls, T, Batto, JM, Bertalan, M, Borruel, N, Casellas, F, Fernandez, L, Gautier, L, Hansen, T, Hattori, M, Hayashi, T, Kleerebezem, M, Kurokawa, K, Leclerc, M, Levenez, F, Manichanh, C, Nielsen, HB, Nielsen, T, Pons, N, Poulain, J, Qin, J, Sicheritz-Ponten, T, Tims, S, Torrents, D, Ugarte, E, Zoetendal, EG, Wang, J, Guarner, F, Pedersen, O, de Vos, WM, Brunak, S, Doré, J, Weissenbach, J, Ehrlich, SD, Bork, P, Antolín, M, Artiguenave, F, Blottiere, HM, Almeida, M, Brechot, C, Cara, C, Chervaux, C, Cultrone, A, Delorme, C, Denariaz, G, Dervyn, R, Foerstner, KU, Friss, C, Guchte, MVD, Guedon, E, Haimet, F, Huber, W, Hylckama-Vlieg, JV, Jamet, A, Juste, C, Kaci, G, Knol, J, Kristiansen, K, Lakhdari, O, Layec, S, Roux, KL, Maguin, E, Mérieux, A, Minardi, RM, M’rini, C, Muller, J, Oozeer, R, Parkhill, J, Renault, P, Rescigno, M, Sanchez, N, Sunagawa, S, Torrejon, A, Turner, K, Vandemeulebrouck, G, Varela, E, Winogradsky, Y & Zeller, G 2011, 'Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome', Nature, vol. 473, no. 7346, pp. 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09944

@article{d8e6a023ed0c43ea80d26a47d0b87832,

title = "Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome",

abstract = "Our knowledge of species and functional composition of the human gut microbiome is rapidly increasing, but it is still based on very few cohorts and little is known about variation across the world. By combining 22 newly sequenced faecal metagenomes of individuals from four countries with previously published data sets, here we identify three robust clusters (referred to as enterotypes hereafter) that are not nation or continent specific. We also confirmed the enterotypes in two published, larger cohorts, indicating that intestinal microbiota variation is generally stratified, not continuous. This indicates further the existence of a limited number of well-balanced host-microbial symbiotic states that might respond differently to diet and drug intake. The enterotypes are mostly driven by species composition, but abundant molecular functions are not necessarily provided by abundant species, highlighting the importance of a functional analysis to understand microbial communities. Although individual host properties such as body mass index, age, or gender cannot explain the observed enterotypes, data-driven marker genes or functional modules can be identified for each of these host properties. For example, twelve genes significantly correlate with age and three functional modules with the body mass index, hinting at a diagnostic potential of microbial markers.",

author = "Manimozhiyan Arumugam and Jeroen Raes and Eric Pelletier and Paslier, {Denis Le} and Takuji Yamada and Mende, {Daniel R.} and Fernandes, {Gabriel R.} and Julien Tap and Thomas Bruls and Batto, {Jean Michel} and Marcelo Bertalan and Natalia Borruel and Francesc Casellas and Leyden Fernandez and Laurent Gautier and Torben Hansen and Masahira Hattori and Tetsuya Hayashi and Michiel Kleerebezem and Ken Kurokawa and Marion Leclerc and Florence Levenez and Chaysavanh Manichanh and Nielsen, {H. Bj{\o}rn} and Trine Nielsen and Nicolas Pons and Julie Poulain and Junjie Qin and Thomas Sicheritz-Ponten and Sebastian Tims and David Torrents and Edgardo Ugarte and Zoetendal, {Erwin G.} and Jun Wang and Francisco Guarner and Oluf Pedersen and {de Vos}, {Willem M.} and S{\o}ren Brunak and Joel Dor{\'e} and Jean Weissenbach and Ehrlich, {S. Dusko} and Peer Bork and Mar{\'i}a Antol{\'i}n and Fran{\c c}ois Artiguenave and Blottiere, {Herv{\'e} M.} and Mathieu Almeida and Christian Brechot and Carlos Cara and Christian Chervaux and Antonella Cultrone and Christine Delorme and G{\'e}rard Denariaz and Rozenn Dervyn and Foerstner, {Konrad U.} and Carsten Friss and Guchte, {Maarten van de} and Eric Guedon and Florence Haimet and Wolfgang Huber and Hylckama-Vlieg, {Johan van} and Alexandre Jamet and Catherine Juste and Ghalia Kaci and Jan Knol and Karsten Kristiansen and Omar Lakhdari and Severine Layec and Roux, {Karine Le} and Emmanuelle Maguin and Alexandre M{\'e}rieux and Minardi, {Raquel Melo} and Christine M{\textquoteright}rini and Jean Muller and Raish Oozeer and Julian Parkhill and Pierre Renault and Maria Rescigno and Nicolas Sanchez and Shinichi Sunagawa and Antonio Torrejon and Keith Turner and Gaetana Vandemeulebrouck and Encarna Varela and Yohanan Winogradsky and Georg Zeller",

note = "Funding Information: 31. Woodmansey, E. J. Intestinal bacteria and ageing. J. Appl. Microbiol. 102, 1178–1186 (2007). 32. Kovacikova, G. & Skorupski, K. The alternative sigma factor sE plays an important role in intestinal survival and virulence in Vibrio cholerae. Infect. Immun. 70, 5355–5362 (2002). 33. Fujihashi, K. & Kiyono, H. Mucosal immunosenescence: new developments and vaccines to control infectious diseases. Trends Immunol. 30, 334–343 (2009). 34. Turnbaugh, P. J. et al. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444, 1027–1031 (2006). 35. Raes, J., Korbel, J. O., Lercher, M. J., von Mering, C. & Bork, P. Prediction of effective genome size in metagenomic samples. Genome Biol. 8, R10 (2007). 36. Gibson, G. R. et al. Alternative pathways for hydrogen disposal during fermentation in the human colon. Gut 31, 679–683 (1990). 37. Godon, J. J., Zumstein, E., Dabert, P., Habouzit, F. & Moletta, R. Molecular microbial diversity of an anaerobic digestor as determined by small-subunit rDNA sequence analysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63, 2802–2813 (1997). 38. Arumugam,M.,Harrington,E.D.,Foerstner,K.U.,Raes,J.&Bork,P.SmashCommunity: a metagenomic annotation and analysis tool. Bioinformatics 26, 2977–2978 (2010). 39. Wang, Q., Garrity, G. M., Tiedje, J. M. & Cole, J. R. Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 5261–5267 (2007). 40. Gianoulis, T. A. et al. Quantifying environmental adaptation of metabolic pathways in metagenomics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 1374–1379 (2009). Supplementary Information is linked to the online version of the paper at www.nature.com/nature. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to C. Creevey, G. Falony and members of the Bork group at EMBL for discussions and assistance. We thank the EMBL IT core facility and Y. Yuan for managing the high-performance computing resources. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community{\textquoteright}s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013): MetaHIT, grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201052, EMBL, the Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalized Disease Prediction, Prevention and Care (LuCAMP), Novo Nordisk Foundation and the International Science and Technology Cooperation Project in China (0806). Obese/non-obese volunteers for the MicroObes study were recruited from the SU.VI.MAX cohort study coordinated by P. Galan and S. Hercberg, and metagenome sequencing was funded by Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR);volunteers for MicroAgestudy were recruited from the CROWNALIFE cohort study coordinated by S. Silvi and A. Cresci, and metagenome sequencing was funded by GenoScope. Ciberehd is funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain). J.R. is supported by the Institute for the encouragement of Scientific Research and Innovation of Brussels (ISRIB) and the Odysseus programme of the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO). We are thankful to the Human Microbiome Project for generating the reference genomes from human gut microbes and the International Human Microbiome Consortium for discussions and exchange of data. Author Contributions All authors are members of the Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract (MetaHIT) Consortium. Jun W., F.G., O.P., W.M.d.V., S.B., J.D., Jean W., S.D.E. and P.B. managed the project. N.B., F.C., T.H., C.M. and T. N. performed clinical analyses. M.L. and F.L. performed DNA extraction. E.P., D.L.P., T.B., J.P. and E.U. performed DNA sequencing. M.A., J.R., S.D.E. and P.B. designed the analyses. M.A., J.R., T.Y., D.R.M., G.R.F., J.T., J.-M.B., M.B., L.F., L.G., M.K., H.B.N., N.P., J.Q., T.S.-P., S.T., D.T., E.G.Z., S.D.E. and P.B. performed the analyses. M.A., J.R., P.B. and S.D.E. wrote the manuscript. M.H., T.H., K.K. and the MetaHIT Consortium members contributed to the design and execution of the study.",

year = "2011",

month = may,

day = "12",

doi = "10.1038/nature09944",

language = "English",

volume = "473",

pages = "174--180",

journal = "Nature",

issn = "0028-0836",

publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",

number = "7346",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome

AU - Arumugam, Manimozhiyan

AU - Raes, Jeroen

AU - Pelletier, Eric

AU - Paslier, Denis Le

AU - Yamada, Takuji

AU - Mende, Daniel R.

AU - Fernandes, Gabriel R.

AU - Tap, Julien

AU - Bruls, Thomas

AU - Batto, Jean Michel

AU - Bertalan, Marcelo

AU - Borruel, Natalia

AU - Casellas, Francesc

AU - Fernandez, Leyden

AU - Gautier, Laurent

AU - Hansen, Torben

AU - Hattori, Masahira

AU - Hayashi, Tetsuya

AU - Kleerebezem, Michiel

AU - Kurokawa, Ken

AU - Leclerc, Marion

AU - Levenez, Florence

AU - Manichanh, Chaysavanh

AU - Nielsen, H. Bjørn

AU - Nielsen, Trine

AU - Pons, Nicolas

AU - Poulain, Julie

AU - Qin, Junjie

AU - Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas

AU - Tims, Sebastian

AU - Torrents, David

AU - Ugarte, Edgardo

AU - Zoetendal, Erwin G.

AU - Wang, Jun

AU - Guarner, Francisco

AU - Pedersen, Oluf

AU - de Vos, Willem M.

AU - Brunak, Søren

AU - Doré, Joel

AU - Weissenbach, Jean

AU - Ehrlich, S. Dusko

AU - Bork, Peer

AU - Antolín, María

AU - Artiguenave, François

AU - Blottiere, Hervé M.

AU - Almeida, Mathieu

AU - Brechot, Christian

AU - Cara, Carlos

AU - Chervaux, Christian

AU - Cultrone, Antonella

AU - Delorme, Christine

AU - Denariaz, Gérard

AU - Dervyn, Rozenn

AU - Foerstner, Konrad U.

AU - Friss, Carsten

AU - Guchte, Maarten van de

AU - Guedon, Eric

AU - Haimet, Florence

AU - Huber, Wolfgang

AU - Hylckama-Vlieg, Johan van

AU - Jamet, Alexandre

AU - Juste, Catherine

AU - Kaci, Ghalia

AU - Knol, Jan

AU - Kristiansen, Karsten

AU - Lakhdari, Omar

AU - Layec, Severine

AU - Roux, Karine Le

AU - Maguin, Emmanuelle

AU - Mérieux, Alexandre

AU - Minardi, Raquel Melo

AU - M’rini, Christine

AU - Muller, Jean

AU - Oozeer, Raish

AU - Parkhill, Julian

AU - Renault, Pierre

AU - Rescigno, Maria

AU - Sanchez, Nicolas

AU - Sunagawa, Shinichi

AU - Torrejon, Antonio

AU - Turner, Keith

AU - Vandemeulebrouck, Gaetana

AU - Varela, Encarna

AU - Winogradsky, Yohanan

AU - Zeller, Georg

N1 - Funding Information: 31. Woodmansey, E. J. Intestinal bacteria and ageing. J. Appl. Microbiol. 102, 1178–1186 (2007). 32. Kovacikova, G. & Skorupski, K. The alternative sigma factor sE plays an important role in intestinal survival and virulence in Vibrio cholerae. Infect. Immun. 70, 5355–5362 (2002). 33. Fujihashi, K. & Kiyono, H. Mucosal immunosenescence: new developments and vaccines to control infectious diseases. Trends Immunol. 30, 334–343 (2009). 34. Turnbaugh, P. J. et al. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444, 1027–1031 (2006). 35. Raes, J., Korbel, J. O., Lercher, M. J., von Mering, C. & Bork, P. Prediction of effective genome size in metagenomic samples. Genome Biol. 8, R10 (2007). 36. Gibson, G. R. et al. Alternative pathways for hydrogen disposal during fermentation in the human colon. Gut 31, 679–683 (1990). 37. Godon, J. J., Zumstein, E., Dabert, P., Habouzit, F. & Moletta, R. Molecular microbial diversity of an anaerobic digestor as determined by small-subunit rDNA sequence analysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63, 2802–2813 (1997). 38. Arumugam,M.,Harrington,E.D.,Foerstner,K.U.,Raes,J.&Bork,P.SmashCommunity: a metagenomic annotation and analysis tool. Bioinformatics 26, 2977–2978 (2010). 39. Wang, Q., Garrity, G. M., Tiedje, J. M. & Cole, J. R. Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 5261–5267 (2007). 40. Gianoulis, T. A. et al. Quantifying environmental adaptation of metabolic pathways in metagenomics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 1374–1379 (2009). Supplementary Information is linked to the online version of the paper at www.nature.com/nature. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to C. Creevey, G. Falony and members of the Bork group at EMBL for discussions and assistance. We thank the EMBL IT core facility and Y. Yuan for managing the high-performance computing resources. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013): MetaHIT, grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201052, EMBL, the Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalized Disease Prediction, Prevention and Care (LuCAMP), Novo Nordisk Foundation and the International Science and Technology Cooperation Project in China (0806). Obese/non-obese volunteers for the MicroObes study were recruited from the SU.VI.MAX cohort study coordinated by P. Galan and S. Hercberg, and metagenome sequencing was funded by Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR);volunteers for MicroAgestudy were recruited from the CROWNALIFE cohort study coordinated by S. Silvi and A. Cresci, and metagenome sequencing was funded by GenoScope. Ciberehd is funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain). J.R. is supported by the Institute for the encouragement of Scientific Research and Innovation of Brussels (ISRIB) and the Odysseus programme of the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO). We are thankful to the Human Microbiome Project for generating the reference genomes from human gut microbes and the International Human Microbiome Consortium for discussions and exchange of data. Author Contributions All authors are members of the Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract (MetaHIT) Consortium. Jun W., F.G., O.P., W.M.d.V., S.B., J.D., Jean W., S.D.E. and P.B. managed the project. N.B., F.C., T.H., C.M. and T. N. performed clinical analyses. M.L. and F.L. performed DNA extraction. E.P., D.L.P., T.B., J.P. and E.U. performed DNA sequencing. M.A., J.R., S.D.E. and P.B. designed the analyses. M.A., J.R., T.Y., D.R.M., G.R.F., J.T., J.-M.B., M.B., L.F., L.G., M.K., H.B.N., N.P., J.Q., T.S.-P., S.T., D.T., E.G.Z., S.D.E. and P.B. performed the analyses. M.A., J.R., P.B. and S.D.E. wrote the manuscript. M.H., T.H., K.K. and the MetaHIT Consortium members contributed to the design and execution of the study.

PY - 2011/5/12

Y1 - 2011/5/12

N2 - Our knowledge of species and functional composition of the human gut microbiome is rapidly increasing, but it is still based on very few cohorts and little is known about variation across the world. By combining 22 newly sequenced faecal metagenomes of individuals from four countries with previously published data sets, here we identify three robust clusters (referred to as enterotypes hereafter) that are not nation or continent specific. We also confirmed the enterotypes in two published, larger cohorts, indicating that intestinal microbiota variation is generally stratified, not continuous. This indicates further the existence of a limited number of well-balanced host-microbial symbiotic states that might respond differently to diet and drug intake. The enterotypes are mostly driven by species composition, but abundant molecular functions are not necessarily provided by abundant species, highlighting the importance of a functional analysis to understand microbial communities. Although individual host properties such as body mass index, age, or gender cannot explain the observed enterotypes, data-driven marker genes or functional modules can be identified for each of these host properties. For example, twelve genes significantly correlate with age and three functional modules with the body mass index, hinting at a diagnostic potential of microbial markers.

AB - Our knowledge of species and functional composition of the human gut microbiome is rapidly increasing, but it is still based on very few cohorts and little is known about variation across the world. By combining 22 newly sequenced faecal metagenomes of individuals from four countries with previously published data sets, here we identify three robust clusters (referred to as enterotypes hereafter) that are not nation or continent specific. We also confirmed the enterotypes in two published, larger cohorts, indicating that intestinal microbiota variation is generally stratified, not continuous. This indicates further the existence of a limited number of well-balanced host-microbial symbiotic states that might respond differently to diet and drug intake. The enterotypes are mostly driven by species composition, but abundant molecular functions are not necessarily provided by abundant species, highlighting the importance of a functional analysis to understand microbial communities. Although individual host properties such as body mass index, age, or gender cannot explain the observed enterotypes, data-driven marker genes or functional modules can be identified for each of these host properties. For example, twelve genes significantly correlate with age and three functional modules with the body mass index, hinting at a diagnostic potential of microbial markers.

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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85027927719&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1038/nature09944

DO - 10.1038/nature09944

M3 - Article

C2 - 21508958

AN - SCOPUS:85027927719

SN - 0028-0836

VL - 473

SP - 174

EP - 180

JO - Nature

JF - Nature

IS - 7346

ER -

Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome

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