@article{95c905ea405b43778f908bdbead71d99,
title = "Emergence of infectious malignant thrombocytopenia in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) by SRV-4 after transmission to a novel host",
abstract = "We discovered a lethal hemorrhagic syndrome arising from severe thrombocytopenia in Japanese macaques kept at the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University. Extensive investigation identified that simian retrovirus type 4 (SRV-4) was the causative agent of the disease. SRV-4 had previously been isolated only from cynomolgus macaques in which it is usually asymptomatic. We consider that the SRV-4 crossed the so-called species barrier between cynomolgus and Japanese macaques, leading to extremely severe acute symptoms in the latter. Infectious agents that cross the species barrier occasionally amplify in virulence, which is not observed in the original hosts. In such cases, the new hosts are usually distantly related to the original hosts. However, Japanese macaques are closely related to cynomolgus macaques, and can even hybridize when given the opportunity. This lethal outbreak of a novel pathogen in Japanese macaques highlights the need to modify our expectations about virulence with regards crossing species barriers.",
author = "Munehiro Okamoto and Takayuki Miyazawa and Shigeru Morikawa and Fumiko Ono and Shota Nakamura and Eiji Sato and Tomoyuki Yoshida and Rokusuke Yoshikawa and Kouji Sakai and Tetsuya Mizutani and Noriyo Nagata and Takano, {Jun Ichiro} and Sachi Okabayashi and Masataka Hamano and Koji Fujimoto and Takaaki Nakaya and Tetsuya Iida and Toshihiro Horii and Takako Miyabe-Nishiwaki and Akino Watanabe and Akihisa Kaneko and Akatsuki Saito and Atsushi Matsui and Toshiyuki Hayakawa and Juri Suzuki and Hirofumi Akari and Tetsuro Matsuzawa and Hirohisa Hirai",
note = "Funding Information: This study was supported in part by JSPS Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) (Grant Numbers 2440611 and 24255009 to M.O. and H.H., respectively) (ext.go.jp/a_menu/shinkou/hojyo/main5_a5.htm). Parts of this study were also supported by the Cooperative Research Project of the Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University (http://www.virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kyoten/kyodo_top.html) and a grant-in-aid from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan (Grant Number H22-shinkou-ippan-006 to S.M.) (http://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/hokabunya/kenkyujigyou/index. html). S.N., T.N., T.I. and T.H. were supported in part by the Program of Funding Research Centers for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases by MEXT, and the project for the International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, by MEXT. A part of this study was also supported by National BioResource Project {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Japanese monkeys{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. We thank Professors Yasuhiro Yoshikawa, Masao Matsuoka, Ryuzo Torii, Osamu Sakura, Tadashi Isa, Tatsuhiko Igarashi, Yoshio Koyanagi, Tomoyuki Miura and Shinichiro Nakamura for valuable discussion. We also thank Prof. Kiyoshi Matsumoto for technical support and expert interpretation of blood and bone marrow smear. We thank Drs. Shunji Goto, Shin Nakamura, Yoshi Kawamoto, Masaki Tomonaga and Profs. Akichika Mikami, Kiyoaki Matsubayashi, and Takashi Kageyama for providing data from phase 1. Finally, we would like to thank all the members at KUPRI, especially the staff in the Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research.",
year = "2015",
doi = "10.1038/srep08850",
language = "English",
volume = "5",
journal = "Scientific reports",
issn = "2045-2322",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
}