TY - JOUR
T1 - Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus
T2 - A case-control study in a Japanese population
AU - Kiyohara, Chikako
AU - Washio, Masakazu
AU - Horiuchi, Takahiko
AU - Asami, Toyoko
AU - Ide, Saburo
AU - Atsumi, Tatsuya
AU - Kobashi, Gen
AU - Tada, Yoshifumi
AU - Takahashi, Hiroki
AU - Kodama, Hiroko
AU - Akashi, Koichi
AU - Harada, Mine
AU - Niiro, Hiroaki
AU - Tsukamoto, Hiroshi
AU - Hotokebuchi, Takao
AU - Nagasawa, Kohei
AU - Ushiyama, Osamu
AU - Mori, Mitsuru
AU - Oura, Asae
AU - Sinomura, Yasuhisa
AU - Suzuki, Hiromu
AU - Yamamoto, Motohisa
AU - Horita, Tetsuya
AU - Koike, Takao
AU - Abe, Takashi
AU - Tanaka, Hisato
AU - Nogami, Norihiko
AU - Okamoto, Kazushi
AU - Sakamoto, Naomasa
AU - Sasaki, Satoshi
AU - Miyake, Yoshihiro
AU - Yokoyama, Tetsuji
AU - Hirota, Yoshio
AU - Inaba, Yutaka
AU - Nagai, Masaki
PY - 2012/7
Y1 - 2012/7
N2 - Objective. Cigarette smoking may be associated with increased risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), whereas the role of alcohol consumption is unknown. We examined the association between SLE risk and smoking or drinking. Methods. We investigated the relationship of smoking and drinking compared to SLE risk among 171 SLE cases and 492 healthy controls in female Japanese subjects. Unconditional logistic regression was used to compute OR and 95% CI, with adjustments for several covariates. Results. Compared with nonsmoking, current smoking was significantly associated with increased risk of SLE (OR 3.06, 95% CI 1.86-5.03). The higher the level of exposure to cigarette smoke, the higher the risk of SLE. Inhalation was also associated with increased SLE risk (OR 3.73, 95% CI 1.46-9.94 for moderate inhalation; OR 3.06, 95% CI 1.81-5.15 for deep inhalation). In contrast, light/moderate alcohol consumption had a protective effect on SLE risk (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.19-0.76). As for beer, the risks for non-beer drinkers and beer drinkers were similar. This also applies to alcoholic beverages other than beer. Conclusion. Our results suggest that smoking was positively associated with increased SLE risk whereas light/moderate alcohol consumption was inversely associated with SLE risk, irrespective of the type of alcoholic beverage. Additional studies are warranted to confirm these findings. The Journal of Rheumatology
AB - Objective. Cigarette smoking may be associated with increased risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), whereas the role of alcohol consumption is unknown. We examined the association between SLE risk and smoking or drinking. Methods. We investigated the relationship of smoking and drinking compared to SLE risk among 171 SLE cases and 492 healthy controls in female Japanese subjects. Unconditional logistic regression was used to compute OR and 95% CI, with adjustments for several covariates. Results. Compared with nonsmoking, current smoking was significantly associated with increased risk of SLE (OR 3.06, 95% CI 1.86-5.03). The higher the level of exposure to cigarette smoke, the higher the risk of SLE. Inhalation was also associated with increased SLE risk (OR 3.73, 95% CI 1.46-9.94 for moderate inhalation; OR 3.06, 95% CI 1.81-5.15 for deep inhalation). In contrast, light/moderate alcohol consumption had a protective effect on SLE risk (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.19-0.76). As for beer, the risks for non-beer drinkers and beer drinkers were similar. This also applies to alcoholic beverages other than beer. Conclusion. Our results suggest that smoking was positively associated with increased SLE risk whereas light/moderate alcohol consumption was inversely associated with SLE risk, irrespective of the type of alcoholic beverage. Additional studies are warranted to confirm these findings. The Journal of Rheumatology
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U2 - 10.3899/jrheum.111609
DO - 10.3899/jrheum.111609
M3 - Article
C2 - 22589266
AN - SCOPUS:84863532693
SN - 0315-162X
VL - 39
SP - 1363
EP - 1370
JO - Journal of Rheumatology
JF - Journal of Rheumatology
IS - 7
ER -