Bioceramic coatings of titanium surfaces

The bioactive fixation between bone substitutes and their surrounding tissues is mostly studied in the nearest decade. The key of bioactive fixation is the high bioactivity of the biomaterials. To coat the titanium surface with a layer of bioceramics through physical deposition, sol-gel, electrochemical deposition, biomimetic process, etc. can promote the bioactivity of titanium effectively. Another approach to obtain a bioactive titanium surface is the chemical modification of titanium with sodium hydroxygen or hydrogen peroxide solution to induce titanium dioxide films on the surface. The titanium dioxide films derived by the surface modification should be abundant in Ti-OH functional groups, and also, in crystalline structure, which may effectively induce the epitaxial growth of hydroxylapatite nuclei. This paper provides a brief review of various techniques and their corresponding mechanisms for obtaining a titanium surface with bioactivity.